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and exotics), Albizia lebbek and A. falcataria, Ailanthus excelsa, Azadirachta indica, Bamboos, Casuarina equisetifolia, Ceiba pentandra, Dalbergia latifolida, Eucalytpus spp, Grevillea robusta, Hardwickia binata, Leucaena leucocephala, Pongamia pinnate, Santalum album, Tecptona grandis, Terminali spp. and Tamarindus indica.

UNIT II - FOREST MENSURATION AND MANAGEMENT - Definition and objectives of forest mensuration - measurement of diameter, girth, height and volume of trees - methods and principles - Tree stem form - age - basal area determinations - Forest Inventory - Sampling techniques and methods - measurement of crops - sample ploto - Yield calculation - CAI and MAI - yield and stand tables preparation - Aerial photography and remote sensing - methods and techniques. Objectives and principles of forest management - forest organisation - sustained yield - concept - Arguments for and against sustained yield - Rotation - Normal Forests - Increment - Growth stock determination - Yield regulation - principles and concepts - yield regulation in regular and irregular forests - working plans - general considerations - preparation of working plans - Joint Forest management.

UNIT III - FOREST UTILIZATION AND WOOD TECHNOLOGY - Logging - Extraction of timber - Felling rules and methods - Conversion methods - Implements used - Grading of timbers - Transportation of timbers - Major and minor transportation methods - storage and sales of logs. Forest products - timber industries - plywood - particles boards - fibre products - paper, hardboard, insulation board - production technology - non-timber forest products (NTFP) - Collection - Processing and storage of NTFP - fibres and flosses - bamboos and canes - katha and bidi leaves - essential oils - gums and resins, lac and shellac, tassar silk - Role of tribal co-operative societies. Macroscopic character of wood - Three dimensional structures - Structures of Heart wood and sap wood - compostition and structure of wood - Chemical components, cell wall structure and formation, anatomical structures of heartwood and softwood, - reaction wood - wood and water relations - properties of wood - Physical properties - Specific gravity, density of wood - mechanical properties Gross features of wood - Defects in wood - Natural defects. Seasoning of wood - principles and objectives of seasoning - Seasoning methods - Air and kiln seasoning - Seasoning defects - Wood preservation - principles and methods wood preservatives - Definition - kinds of preservatives - method of preservative application - pressure and non - pressure processes - classification of wood, based on seasoning behaviour.

UNIT IV - FOREST SURVEYING AND ENGINEERING - Surveying - Principles of surveying - errors in surveying - Scope of surveying in forestry - Different methods of surveying , chain, prismatic, compass, plain table and topographic survey - area calculation - maps and map reading, Principles of forest Engineering - Building materials and construction - Forest Roads, - Objectives, principles and types of forest roads - Causeways and Culverts - Bridges - Construction of Bridges - Construction of timber, RCC, Steel and suspension bridges - cable ropeways and winches.

UNIT V - FOREST SOILS AND SOIL CONSERVATION AND WATERSHED MANAGEMENT - Forest Soils - Classification - Factors affectiing soil formation - Podzolization and laterization - Physical, Chemical and biological properties of Forest soils - Problem soils - Classification of Waste lands - extent of waste lands in India - reclamation of alkaline, saline, water logged and other wastelands - sand dune stabilisation - wind breaks and shelter belts. Soil conservation - definition - objectives, problems, programmes and achievements - causes of erosion - wind - water - management of eroded region - Soil and water conservation measures. Watershed management - Concepts and methods - Forest treatments - Streamflow - Impact on water yield and quality.

UNIT VI - FOREST ECONOMICS, POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONS - Fundamental principles of Forest Economics - Cost benefit analysis - Demand and supply estimation - Socio-economic analysis of Forest Productivity - Forest valuation - Project formulation - Project nonitoning - evaluation - elements of time series analysis and forecasting - role of corporate financing. Forest Policy - Necessity - Formulation of National Forest Policy - History of Forest development in India - Indian Forest Policy of 1894, 1952 and 1988. NCA report on forestry - Role of ICFRE in Forest Research and Education - Constitution of National Mission on Wasteland development. Forest laws - Necessity - General Principles - Indian Forest Act 1927, Forest Conservation Act 1980, Wildlife Protection Act 1972, Tamil Nadu Forest Act 1882.

UNIT VII - FOREST BIOLOGY AND BOTANY - Forest Ecology - Defintion - Biotic and abiotic components - Forest Ecosystem - Forest community concepts - Succession - Primary productivity - Composition of forest types in India -Classification of India's Forests - Species composition association and diversity. Form of trees - structure and function - Physiology and repreduction of trees - Nutrient cycling and water relation - Physiology in strees environments (drought, waterlogging, alkalinity and salinity ) - Seed technology - Collection - Processing - storage - handling techniques - pretreatement - Seed testing. Importance of Botany - Taxonomic classification of plant species - Identification of species - Composition and association - Dendrology - Principles and establishment of herbaria and arboreta - principles and concepts of Tree improvement - methods and techniques - Seed orchard - Types and establishment - use of provenances and Exotics - Role of Exotic forest trees in india - Application of bio-technological methods in forestry.

UNIT VIII - WILDLIFE BIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT - Introduction to Wildlife management - Ecology and biology of wildlife - Principles and techniques of management - Wildlife habitats - Census - Land tenure system - Major wildlife species in India and their broad study - Wildlife conservatiion - Policy and legal measures - Sanctuaries - national parks - Biosphere reserves - Ecotourism.

UNIT IX - FOREST PROTECTION - Role of Forest Protection in Indian Forestry - Injuries caused by various agencies - Injuries caused by human being - Animals - Insects - Birds - Adverse climatic factors - Injuries caused by plants - Forest fire - Fire protection methods - Control measures for pest and diseases for major tree species - biological, chemical and integrated pest management methods.

UNIT X - AGROFORESTRY AND SOCIAL FORESTRY - Definition - Objectives of agroforestry - Classification of agroforestry systems - benefits and constraints in agroforestry - competition for light, water and nutrients - Allelopathy - Ecological aspects of agroforestry. Social forestry - its components and implementation at local and national levels - social attitudes and community participation - choice of species for agro and social forestry.